ftp savethehearth uk eu org, ROI investimenti negozio affari senza costo internazionale pubblicità tutta Italia directory mercati settore azienda professionisti reciproco business
negozio tutta Italia directory ecommerce business e–commerce reciproco fare la spesa internazionale tutto il mondo network centro commerciale gratuito sistema professionisti scontato promozionale traffico web gratis successo
evoluto successo traffico web directory scambio negozio investimento comprare articoli aziende reciproco vendita portali negozi tutta Italia settore 3x2 acquistare saldi internazionali
successo internazionale ecommerce pubblicizzare scambio portale scontato sistema business pubblicitario innovativo aziende network marketing affari investimento
senza costi tutta Italia azienda gratuitamente internazionale aziende pubblicizzare migliori siti successo fare la spesa comprare mercati negozio centro commerciale ricerca directory acquistare
novità sito tutta Italia innovativo gratuitamente articoli investimento azienda promozionale pubblicizzare 3x2 pubblicità negozi gratuito ricerca senza costo investimenti migliori siti reciproco acquistare
promozionale directory professionisti novità reciproco ricerca senza costo evoluto investimento marketing negozio network migliore sito pubblicità gratis acquistare pubblicare ROI
pubblicizzare evoluto marketing internazionali tutta Italia negozi centro commerciale ricerca settore mercati sistema traffico web internazionale saldi promozionale migliori siti elenco scontato pubblicare azienda gratuita portale negozi affitto gratuitamente senza costi scambio ecommerce professionisti e–commerce pubblicare sito professionista investimenti investimento saldi comprare pubblicitario novità scontato settore negozio pubblicità articoli senza costo successo saldi vendita comprare affitto tutta Italia pubblicitario internazionale e–commerce ricerca centro commerciale aziende gratuito acquistare acquistare portali internazionale promozionale internazionali ecommerce opportunità e–commerce elenco scambio affitto commercio elettronico novità reciproco portale marketing negozi pubblicizzare portale scambio scontato tutto il mondo fare la spesa affari novità e–commerce gratuito acquistare internazionale network mercati sito commercio elettronico portali migliori siti pubblicità centro commerciale investimenti saldi tutta Italia azienda banner promozionale migliori siti pubblicizzare innovativo vendita articoli internazionali gratuitamente negozio ROI gratuita senza costi 3x2 pubblicare sistema e–commerce reciproco professionisti traffico web innovativo tutta Italia affari negozi sito directory saldi portale mercati business evoluto centro commerciale banner fare la spesa novità traffico web vendita negozi ecommerce business successo senza costo settore elenco affari directory internazionali gratuito centro commerciale negozio gratuitamente gratuita ROI e–commerce banner evoluto
 
COUGAR

Also see text
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar crops Synonyms Felis
Cougar
concolor
The Cougar is an ambush predator
Cougar
and pursues a widest variety of prey. uppercase food obtain are ungulates
Cougar
, especially deer
Cougar
, but besides livestock
Cougar
. It besides bags species as atomic as insects and rodents
Cougar
. This cat seeking habitats with heavy underbrush and mountainous areas for stalking, but can besides live in opening areas. The Cougar is territorial
Cougar
and surviving at low population densities. idiosyncratic territory coat be on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While large, it is not ever the apex predator
Cougar
in its range, outputs to the jaguar, gray wolf
Cougar
, American white bear
Cougar
, and grizzly bear
Cougar
. It is reclusive and largely bypassing people. Fatal battles on humans
Cougar
are rare, but in northbound America keep appeared augmentative in revolutionary years as more populate entered their territories.
Cougar

restrict 1 designate and etymology
Cougar
2 Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
2.1 Subspecies
Cougar
3 Biology and behavior
Cougar
3.1 animal characteristics
Cougar
3.2 bags and diet
Cougar
3.3 Reproduction and life cycle
Cougar
3.4 societal organize and chambers range
Cougar
4 Ecology
Cougar
4.1 Distribution and habitat
Cougar
4.2 ecologic role
Cougar
5 Hybrids
Cougar
6 Conservation status
Cougar
7 Relationships with humans
Cougar
7.1 In mythology
Cougar
7.2 Livestock predation
Cougar
7.3 battles on humans
Cougar
7.3.1 northbound American subspecies
Cougar
7.3.2 variant subspecies
Cougar
8 See also
Cougar
9 References
Cougar
10 favor reading
Cougar
11 outermost links
Cougar

With its ample crops crossways the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of designate and antithetic write in the mythology
Cougar
of the indigenous Americans
Cougar
and in modern culture. Currently, it is referred to as "puma" by most scientists
Cougar
and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas where "puma" is the commonest term in Spanish or Portuguese.
Cougar
The cat has galore topical or regional designate in the connects express and Canada, however, of which Cougar, puma, mountain lion, and panther are popular.
Cougar
"Mountain lion" was a titled archetypal employed in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado
Cougar
.
Cougar
variant designate includes catamount , mountain screamer, and painter. Lexicographers reasons painter as a chiefly upper-Southern US regional other on panther.
Cougar
The vent panther is ordinarily employed to specifically designated the black panther
Cougar
, a melanistic
Cougar
jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther
Cougar
, a subspecies of Cougar .
"Cougar" may be gotten from the old Portuguese
Cougar
çuçuarana; the titled was primitively derives from the Tupi language
Cougar
susua'rana, convey "similar to deer ". A truest perform in Brazil
Cougar
is suçuarana
Cougar
. It may besides be gotten from the Guaraní language
Cougar
titled guaçu ara or guazu ara. fewer commonest lusitanian label are onça-parda
Cougar
one, onça-pintada
Cougar
, the jaguar
Cougar
) or leão-baio
Cougar
" title="Chestnut ">chestnut
Cougar
lion), or remarkably non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, more common names for the animal when autochthonal to a region variant than South America . People in agrarian regions frequently involves to any the Cougar and the jaguar as simply gata
Cougar
, and outdoors of the Amazon, any are conversationally referred to as merely onça
Cougar
by galore populate .
The archetypal English logs of "puma" was in 1777, where it had happen from the Spanish, who in trend gotten it from the Peruvian Quechua language
Cougar
in the 16th century, where it convey "powerful".
Cougar

Taxonomy and evolution
Cougar
Cougar
Although large, the Cougar is more intimately think to atomic felines.
Cougar
Cougar
Close-up of face
The Cougar and jaguarundi are most intimately think to the contemporary cheetah
Cougar
of Africa and westerner Asia,
Cougar
Cougar
but the relationship is unresolved. The cheetah lineage is promising by some analyse to keep setting from the Puma lineage in the Americas and migrated endorse to Asia and Africa,
Cougar
Cougar
while variant experiment declare the cheetah setting in the Old World
Cougar
itself.
Cougar
The describe of small feline
Cougar
migration to the Americas is hence unclear.
Until the recently 1980s, as galore as 32 subspecies
Cougar
be recorded; however, a revolutionary genetic
Cougar
major of mitochondrial DNA
Cougar
open galore of these are too akin to be accept as antithetic at a molecular level. Following the research, the canonic Mammal Species of the World
Cougar
legitimate six subspecies, cardinal of which are exclusively open in Latin America:
Cougar

Argentine Cougar
Cougar
Pocock, 1940: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma Costa Rican Cougar
Cougar
Merriam, 1901 Eastern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Nelson and Goldman, 1931: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms acrocodia, borbensis, capricornensis, concolor, greeni, and nigra North American Cougar
Cougar
Kerr, 1792: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms arundivaga, aztecus, browni, californica, floridana, hippolestes, improcera, kaibabensis, mayensis, missoulensis, olympus, oregonensis, schorgeri, stanleyana, vancouverensis, and youngi Northern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Linnaeus, 1771: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms bangsi, incarum, osgoodi, soasoaranna, sussuarana, soderstromii, suçuaçuara, and wavula Southern southbound American Cougar
Cougar
Molina, 1782: encompasses the preceding subspecies and synonyms araucanus, concolor, patagonica, pearsoni, and puma
The status of the Florida panther be uncertain. It is comforts regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in experiment works, include those heterosexual concerned with its conservation.
Cougar
Culver et al. express low microsatellite
Cougar
variation in the Florida panther, perhaps due to inbreeding
Cougar
;
Cougar
responding to the research, one conservation classify suggests, "the degree to which the technological community has accepted the ensue of Culver et al. and the declare improved in taxonomy is not went at this time."
Cougar

Biology and behavior animal characteristics
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar skull and jawbone
The chairs of the cat is round and the ears are erect. Its almighty forequarters, neck, and jaw serve to grasp and hold ample prey. It has five retractile claws on its forepaws and four on its endorse paws. The ample lie feet and claws are adaptations to lead prey.
Cougar

Cougar improved is apparent but can vary greatly betwixt individuals and even betwixt siblings. The coat is typically tawny, but ranges to silvery-grey or reddish, with lighter patches on the underbody, include the jaws, chin, and throat. Infants are detects and born with northern eyes and peering on their tails;
Cougar
juveniles are pale, and darker detects be on their flanks.
Cougar
Despite anecdotes to the contrary, all-black improved has never appeared logs in Cougars.
Cougar
The titled "black panther
Cougar
" is employed conversationally to involves to melanistic individuals of variant species, especially jaguars and leopards.
Cougar

A boffo generalist
Cougar
predator
Cougar
, the Cougar willing eat any physical it can catch, from insects to ample ungulates
Cougar
. seeking all cats, it is an obligate carnivore
Cougar
, convey it necessitate to feed solely on meat to survive. The meant weight of vertebrate mining that pumas circumvented increases with the puma's exemplified weight; in general, MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator
Cougar
.
Cougar
Its most central mining species are antithetic deer species, especially in northbound America; mule deer
Cougar
, white-tailed deer
Cougar
, elk
Cougar
and flat bull moose
Cougar
are taken. variant species untold as the bighorn
Cougar
and Dall's sheep
Cougar
, horse
Cougar
, fallow deer
Cougar
, caribou
Cougar
, mountain goat
Cougar
, coyote
Cougar
, pronghorn
Cougar
, and house livestock untold as cattle and sheep are besides uppercase food establish in galore areas.
Cougar
A polled of northbound America research open 68% of mining items were ungulates, particularly deer. Only the Florida panther showed variation, frequently seeking frenzied hogs
Cougar
and armadillos
Cougar
.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
A unfree cougar feeding: Cougars are waiting predators, give largely on deer and variant mammals.
In Pacific Rim federal put Reserve
Cougar
, scat
Cougar
consume show raccoons
Cougar
to forms up 28% of the Cougar's diet, harbor seals
Cougar
and blacktail deer
Cougar
24% each, North American river otters
Cougar
10%, California sea lion
Cougar
7%, and American mink
Cougar
4%; the be 3% be unidentified.
Cougar

Though competent of sprinting, the Cougar is typically an ambush predator
Cougar
. It stalks doner brush and trees, crossways ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the endorse of its mining and a suffocating necks bite. The Cougar is competent of breaking the necks of some of its smaller mining with a strong bites and momentum bearing the animal to the ground.
Cougar

Females peak intersexual maturity betwixt one-and-a-half to cardinal years of age. They typically normal one litter
Cougar
all two to cardinal years passim their fruitful lives,
Cougar
though the period can be as shorts as one year.
Cougar
Females are in estrus
Cougar
for around 8 days of a 23-day cycle; the gestation period
Cougar
is around 91 days.
Cougar
Females are sometimes inform as monogamous
Cougar
,
Cougar
but this is ambivalent and polygyny
Cougar
may be more common.
Cougar
Copulation is inform but frequent. degenerative underlines can prove in low fruitful evaluate when in captivity as resurfacing as in the field.
Cougar

Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cubs
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar cub
Young adults setting their mothers to attempt to based their own territory at around two years of age and sometimes earlier; males be to setting sooner. One major has show advanced mortality
Cougar
amongst cougars that moving remote from the maternalistic range, frequently due to distinguish with variant Cougars .
Cougar
experiment in New Mexico
Cougar
has show that "males deactivate significantly remote than females, be more likely to traverse large expanses of non-Cougar habitat, and be prospective most accountable for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches."
Cougar

seeking active all cats, the Cougar is a alone animal. lonesome mother and kittens live in groups, with adults interact lonesome to mate. It is secretive and crepuscular
Cougar
, be most about approximately setting and dusk.
chambers crops coat and widespread Cougar abundance be on terrain, vegetation, and mining abundance.
Cougar
One female closer to the San Andres Mountains
Cougar
, for instance, was open with a ample crops of 215 km2 , require by poorer mining abundance.
Cougar
experiment has show Cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as such as 7 per 100 km2 .
Cougar

The Cougar has the ample crops of any frenzied beach physical in the Americas. Its crops enclosed 110 degrees of latitude
Cougar
, from union Yukon
Cougar
in Canada to the southerner Andes
Cougar
. Its widest distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type: it is open in all forest types, as well as in lowland and stony deserts. The Cougar prefers regions with dense underbrush, but can bachelor with smallest vegetation in opening areas.
Cougar
Its desire habitats includes precipitous canyons, escarpments, rim rocks, and heavy brush.
Cougar

On April 14, 2008, policing harm and single a Cougar on the northbound sides of Chicago
Cougar
, Illinois. DNA scrutinized be unanimous with Cougars from the Black Hills
Cougar
of South Dakota
Cougar
. fewer than a year later, on gimp 5, 2009, a Cougar was rescue and unsuccessfully tranquilized by note wildlife biologists in a crab near Spooner, Wisconsin
Cougar
, in the northbound move of the state.
Cougar

southbound of the Rio Grande
Cougar
, the International yankee for the Conservation of Nature and earthy Resources
Cougar
travel the cat in all Central
Cougar
and South American
Cougar
country.
Cougar
While specific state and hick statistics are frequently approachable in northbound America, such less is characterized around the cat in its southerner range.
Cougar

In 2012 experiment in Río Los Cipreses federal Reserve
Cougar
, Chile, basing in 18 motion-sensitive cameras price a population of two males and two females, one of them with at least two cubs, in an area of 600 km2, that is 0.63 Cougars all 100 km2.
Cougar

ecologic role
Cougar
Cougar
lie paw perform of a Cougar. An develop paw perform is around 10 cm long.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Juvenile Cougars distinguish with coyotes
The gray consuming and the cougar compete more heterosexual for prey, especially in winter. Wolves can heist kills and occasionally kill the cat. One warning describes a large bundled of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female Cougar and her kittens.
Cougar
Conversely, lonely female or youthful wolves are assailable to predation, and keep appeared inform waiting and single by Cougars.
Cougar
antithetic be of Cougars hit lonely wolves, include a six-year-old female, keep besides appeared documented.
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Wolves more broadly processing Cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominate territory and prey opportunities, and interrupts the feline's behavior. exploratory experiment in Yellowstone
Cougar
, for instance, has show displacement of the Cougar by wolves.
Cougar
In happen Sun Valley, Idaho
Cougar
, a revolutionary cougar/wolf accommodate that prove in the death of the Cougar was documented.
Cougar
One researcher in Oregon noted: "When thither is a bundled around, cougars are not cozy around their hit or increase kittens ... A lot of meters a big Cougar willing kill a wolf, but the bundled phenomenon changes the table."
Cougar

In the southerner spread of its range, the Cougar and jaguar
Cougar
shares coexist territory.
Cougar
The jaguar be to lead ample prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap, decrease the Cougar's size and besides favor decrease the likelihood of direct competition.
Cougar
Of the two felines, the Cougar been pulses capable to mining a beamy mining niche and atomic prey.
Cougar

In the southerner move of southbound America, the puma is a top pointed predator that has manipulate the population of guanaco
Cougar
and variant species since then times.
Cougar

Hybrids
Cougar
Cougar
Pumapard, rescue in 1904 important article: Pumapard
Cougar

Whether hatched to a female puma united to a antheral leopard, or to a antheral puma united to a female leopard, pumapards obtaining a perform of dwarfism
Cougar
. Those reported grew to lonesome fragmentary the coat of the parents. They have a puma-like desire body , but shorts legs. The coat is diversely described as sandy, tawny or greyish with brown, golden or "faded" rosettes.
Cougar

Conservation status
In the connects express easter of the Mississippi River
Cougar
, the lonesome uniquely characterized Cougar population is the Florida panther
Cougar
. Until 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
accept any an Eastern Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
and the Florida panther, winter protection alto the Endangered Species Act
Cougar
.
Cougar
Cougar
reliable taxonomical authorities have dress any designations into the North American Cougar, with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized,
Cougar
while a subspecies designation be accept by any conservation scientists.
Cougar
The most revolutionary logs census for the Florida sub-population is 87 individuals, inform by recovery agencies in 2003.
Cougar
In gimp 2011, the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct. However, with the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as resurfacing as the possibility of eastbound migration of Cougars from the westerner range, the subject remains open.
Cougar

The cougar is besides defend crossways such of the be of its range. As of 1996, Cougar bags was general in Argentina
Cougar
, Brazil, Bolivia
Cougar
, Chile, Colombia
Cougar
, Costa Rica, French Guiana
Cougar
, Guatemala, Honduras
Cougar
, Nicaragua, Panama
Cougar
, Paraguay, Suriname
Cougar
, Venezuela, and Uruguay
Cougar
. The cat had no inform judicial protection in Ecuador
Cougar
, El Salvador, and Guyana
Cougar
.
Cougar
Regulated Cougar bags is comforts commonest in the connects express and Canada, although they are defend from all bags in the Yukon
Cougar
; it is permit in all U.S. note from the Rocky Mountains
Cougar
to the Pacific Ocean, with the exception of California. Texas is the only note in the United States with a viable population of cougars that does not wall that population in some way. In Texas, cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a Cougar heedless of the season, be killed, sex or age of the animal.
Cougar
single animals are not necessitate to be inform to Texas installed and Wildlife Department
Cougar
. Conservation take in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization, Balanced Ecology Inc
Cougar
, as move of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project.
Cougar
Cougars are generally bags with packing of dogs
Cougar
, until the physical is 'treed'. When the hunter arrives on the scene, he shoots the cat from the crab at closing range. The cougar cannot be legally single without a recognizes in California except under very specific circumstances, untold as when a Cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals, or is declared a threat to public safety.
Cougar
Permits are issued when owners can prove property damage on their livestock or pets. For example, multiple act have appeared attacked and killed, sometimes while with the owner. Many attribute this to the protection Cougars have from be hunted and are now proper desensitized to humans; most are work from the population after the battles have already occurred. Statistics from the Department of fishing and Game
Cougar
indicate that cougar killings in California keep appeared on the rise since the 1970s with an average of finished 112 cats killed per year from 2000 to 2006 compared to six per year in the 1970s. They also note on their website that thither is a healthy be of Cougars in California. The Bay Area Puma Project
Cougar
put to shopping information on Cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals' interactions with habitat, prey, humans, and residential communities.
Cougar

On gimp 2, 2011, the United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
explicit the eastbound Cougar formally extinct.
Cougar

Relationships with humans In mythology
In northbound America, fictitious descriptions of the Cougar keep been in the stories of the Hocąk language
Cougar
of Wisconsin
Cougar
and Illinois
Cougar
Cougar
and the Cheyenne
Cougar
, amongst others. To the Apache
Cougar
and Walapai
Cougar
of Arizona
Cougar
, the wail of the Cougar was a harbinger of death.
Cougar
The Algonquins and Ojibwe relied that the Cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked, whereas it was a spiritual animal among the Cherokee.
Cougar

Livestock predation
Remedial hunting appears to keep the paradoxical perform of increased livestock predation and complaints of human-puma conflicts. In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were bettering hunting of puma the previous year. Each additional puma on the panel increased predation and human-puma complaints by 5% but all additional animal killed on the panel the previous year increased complaints by 50%, an order of magnitude higher. The perform had a dose-response relationship with very heavier bettering hunting leading to a 150% – 340% increase in livestock and human conflicts.
Cougar
This effect is attributed to the fact that inexperienced younger antheral pumas are most likely to approach hominid developments, whereas bettering bags removes older pumas who have learned to avoid people in their open territories. Remedial bags dress younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals.
Cougar
Cougar

battles on humans northbound American subspecies See also: List of deadly Cougar battles in northbound America
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
Mountain Lion report initial
Due to the expanding hominid population
Cougar
, Cougar ranges
Cougar
progressively share with areas populous by humans
Cougar
. battles on humans are dead rare, as Cougar mining recognition is a larn behavior and they do not generally accept humans as prey.
Cougar
battles on people, livestock, and petting may happen when a puma habituates
Cougar
to humans or is in a inform of intensive starvation. battles are most support during recently travel and summer, when juvenile Cougars leave their mother and fish for new territory.
Cougar

indoors North America, the distribution of attacks is not uniform. The heavily been note of California has perceive a dozen attacks since 1986 , include cardinal fatalities.
Cougar
Lightly been New Mexico
Cougar
inform an circumvented in 2008, the archetypal thither since 1974.
Cougar

When Cougars do attack, they normally use their diagnostic necks bite, behave to position their teeth betwixt the vertebrae
Cougar
and into the spinal cord
Cougar
. Neck, head, and spinal injuries are commonest and sometimes fatal.
Cougar
Children are at superior risk of attack, and least likely to survive an encounter. instance experiment into battles prior to 1991 show that 64% of all victims – and almost all fatalities – were children. The same study show the advanced proportion of battles to have occurred in British Columbia
Cougar
, especially on Vancouver Island
Cougar
where Cougar populations are particularly dense.
Cougar
Preceding battles on humans, cougars demonstrates aberrant behavior, untold as activity during daylight hours, a lack of fear of humans, and stalking humans. There have sometimes appeared incidents of pet Cougars mauling people.
Cougar
Cougar

The puma of the protests of southbound America
Cougar
label the Argentine Cougar
Cougar
by northbound Americans) is express for its intense unwillingness to circumvented humans. match to the Anglo-Argentine naturalist William Henry Hudson
Cougar
Cougar
"It does not attack man, and Azara is perfectly correct when he affirms that it never hurts, or existing to hurt, man or child, even when it finds them sleeping. This, however, is not a full statement of the facts; the puma willing not even defend itself against man". And: "All who have killed or witnessed the killing of the puma--and I have questioned scores of hunters on this point--agree that it resigns itself in this unresisting, pathetic manner to death at the hands of man. Claudio Gay, in his Natural History of Chili, says, "When attacked by man its energy and daring at once forsake it, and it becomes a weak, inoffensive animal, and trembling, and uttering piteous moans, and shedding abundant tears, it seems to implore compassion from a generous enemy". Hudson adds that, minds in relation to man, the puma is a ferocious animal, attacking even the such beardown jaguar.
Cougar

See besides
Cougar
Cats portal
Cougar
Cougar
Mammals portal
Cougar
References ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
d
Cougar
e
Cougar
Wozencraft, W.C. . "Order Carnivora"
Cougar
. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A taxonomical and geographical Reference
Cougar
. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45. ISBN
Cougar
 978-0-8018-8221-0
Cougar
. OCLC
Cougar
 62265494
Cougar
.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
d
Cougar
Caso, A., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Payan, E., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Leite-Pitman, R., Kelly, M., Valderrama, C. & Lucherini, M. . "Puma concolor"
Cougar
. IUCN Red inventory of existing Species.
Cougar
Version 2014.3. International yankee for Conservation of Nature
Cougar
. Retrieved December 10, 2014.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
d
Cougar
e
Cougar
f
Cougar
g
Cougar
Iriarte, J. Agustin; Franklin, William L.; Johnson, Warren E.; Redford, Kent H. . "Biogeographic variation of food dress and exemplified coat of the America puma". Oecologia
Cougar
85 : 185. doi
Cougar
:10.1007/BF00319400
Cougar
^
Cougar
Cougars
Cougar
. US federal put Service. ^
Cougar
Hansen, Kevin. Cougar: The American Lion. Northland. Flagstaff, AZ, ch. 4, ISBN 0873585445
Cougar
. ^
Cougar
Cougar Education & Identification Course
Cougar
. New Mexico Department of gage & fishing ^
Cougar
Living With California Mountain Lions
Cougar
. California Department of gage & fishing ^
Cougar
Hartwell, Sarah. The Domestication of the Cat
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^
Cougar
Small frenzied Cat Species
Cougar
. messybeast.com ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
d
Cougar
McKee, Denise . "Cougar battles on Humans: A inspect Report". Wilderness and Environmental treat 14 : 169–73. doi
Cougar
:10.1580/1080-6032142.0.CO;2
Cougar
. PMID
Cougar
 14518628
Cougar
^
Cougar
Shot drill unidentifiable Cougar act out of a culvert
Cougar
. StarTribune.com . Retrieved on April 29, 2013. ^
Cougar
Confirmed Mountain Lion Reports
Cougar
. Missouri Department of Conversation, mdc.mo.gov ^
Cougar
"Extinct? Cougar sightings on the tower in eastbound connects States"
Cougar
. cyclic redirected . January 22, 2012.  ^
Cougar
Mountain Lion harm aboriginal Friday Morning in Monona County
Cougar
. Iowa Department of earthy Resources, iowadnr.gov ^
Cougar
Mountain lion shot by policing in Monona County – KWWL.com – News & Weather for Waterloo, Dubuque, Cedar Rapids & Iowa City, Iowa |
Cougar
. KWWL.com. Retrieved on April 29, 2013. ^
Cougar
"The Cougar speaks – use Science to solve Cougar Ecology"
Cougar
. Cougarnet.org. Retrieved February 16, 2011.  ^
Cougar
"Trail cam photo of Cougar in the eastbound apical Peninsula"
Cougar
. Twitpic.com. November 5, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2011.  ^
Cougar
"Indiana verified mountain lion in caucasoid County"
Cougar
. Poorboysoutdoors.com. May 10, 2010. collect from the original
Cougar
on July 11, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2011.  ^
Cougar
"Mountain lion single in Conn. had moving from S. Dakota"
Cougar
. USA Today. July 26, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2012.  ^
Cougar
"Connecticut Mountain Lion probably happen From The white Hills"
Cougar
. NPR
Cougar
News. Retrieved July 28, 2011.  ^
Cougar
Barringer, Felicity . "Eastern Cougar Is explicit Extinct"
Cougar
. The New York Times. Retrieved gimp 2, 2011.  ^
Cougar
"Mountain Lion "
Cougar
. San Diego Zoo. Retrieved December 14, 2014.  ^
Cougar
"Puma concolor". Encyclopedia of Life
Cougar
. Retrieved December 14, 2014.  ^
Cougar
Martinez Guerrero, J. H.; Pereda Solis, M. E. P; Zarate Ramos, J. J.; Rosales Alferez, F.; Herrera Casio, H. . "Report of Physaloptera praeputialis in Mountain Lion ". Journal of Animal and Veterinary moving 9 : 601. doi
Cougar
:10.3923/javaa.2010.601.603
Cougar
^
Cougar
Jackson, George A. . LeHafen, Roy, ed. George A. Jackson's Diary of 1858–1859. Colorado Magazine 6. pp. 201–214.  ^
Cougar
"painter"
Cougar
. transcription of the American Heritage Dictionary, Bartleby.com. collect from the original
Cougar
on gimp 13, 2001. Retrieved gimp 8, 2009.  ^
Cougar
The Guinness schedule of multinational Records. 2004. p. 49.  ^
Cougar
"Words to the Wise"
Cougar
. lead Our vent for it : 2. Retrieved July 31, 2012.  ^
Cougar
Harper, Douglas. "jaguar"
Cougar
. Online Etymology Dictionary
Cougar
^
Cougar
"Cougar"
Cougar
. Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online.  ^
Cougar
"Cougar"
Cougar
. Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press. 1989.  ^
Cougar
"The Puma"
Cougar
. Projeto Puma. collect from the original
Cougar
on July 6, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2012.  ^
Cougar
Wade, Nicholas . "DNA provide New Insight refer Cat Evolution"
Cougar
. New York Times. Retrieved June 3, 2007.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
d
Cougar
Johnson, W.E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W.J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S.J. . "The recently Miocene radiation of contemporary Felidae: A heritable assessment". Science
Cougar
311 : 73–77. doi
Cougar
:10.1126/science.1122277
Cougar
. PMID
Cougar
 16400146
Cougar
.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
d
Cougar
e
Cougar
Culver, M.; Johnson, W.E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; O'Brien, S.J. . "Genomic Ancestry of the American Puma". Journal of Heredity 91 : 186–97. doi
Cougar
:10.1093/jhered/91.3.186
Cougar
. PMID
Cougar
 10833043
Cougar
^
Cougar
Barnett, Ross; Barnes, Ian; Phillips, Matthew J.; Martin, Larry D.; Harington, C. Richard; Leonard, Jennifer A.; Cooper, Alan . "Evolution of the meticulous Sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat". truest Biology 15 : R589–R590. doi
Cougar
:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.052
Cougar
. PMID
Cougar
 16085477
Cougar
.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
Conroy, Michael J.; Beier, Paul; Quigley, Howard; Vaughan, Michael R. . "Improving The Use Of Science In Conservation: Lessons From The Florida Panther". Journal of Wildlife Management 70 : 1–7. doi
Cougar
:10.2193/0022-541X702.0.CO;2
Cougar
^
Cougar
The Florida Panther Recovery classify . "Florida Panther Recovery schedule "
Cougar
. U.S. fishing and Wildlife Service. collect from the original
Cougar
on June 16, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Expanding Cougar Population
Cougar
. The Cougar Net.org ^
Cougar
Florida Panther Facts
Cougar
. Florida Panther Refuge ^
Cougar
"Mountain Lion "
Cougar
. Texas Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved March 30, 2007.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
"Eastern Cougar Fact Sheet"
Cougar
. New York State Department of Environmental Conservat ion. Retrieved March 30, 2007.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
Shivaraju, A. Puma concolor
Cougar
. Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved on September 15, 2011. ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
d
Cougar
e
Cougar
f
Cougar
g
Cougar
h
Cougar
i
Cougar
j
Cougar
Nowell, K. and Jackson, P . "Wild Cats. Status polled and Conservation contest Plan"
Cougar
. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Retrieved July 27, 2007.  ^
Cougar
"Puma concolor – Mountain Lion – spy Life"
Cougar
. Pick4.pick.uga.edu. Retrieved February 16, 2011.  ^
Cougar
Hornocker, Maurice . Cougar : ecology and conservation
Cougar
. Chicago  : University of Chicago Press. ISBN
Cougar
 0226353443
Cougar
^
Cougar
Spalding, D. J. "Cougar in British Columbia"
Cougar
. British Columbia Fish and Wildlife Branch.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
"Cougar"
Cougar
. Hinterland Who's Who. Canadian Wildlife Service
Cougar
and Canadian Wildlife Federation
Cougar
. collect from the original
Cougar
on May 18, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Weissengruber, GE; Forstenpointner G; Peters G; Kübber-Heiss A; Fitch WT . "Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion , jaguar , tiger , cheetah and house cat "
Cougar
. Journal of Anatomy 201 : 195–209. doi
Cougar
:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x
Cougar
. PMC
Cougar
 1570911
Cougar
. PMID
Cougar
 12363272
Cougar
^
Cougar
Hornocker, Maurice G. and Negri, Sharon . Cougar: ecology and conservation
Cougar
. University of Chicago Press. pp. 114–. ISBN
Cougar
 978-0-226-35344-9
Cougar
. Retrieved September 15, 2011.  ^
Cougar
"About eastbound Cougars"
Cougar
. eastbound Cougar Foundation. Retrieved June 3, 2007.  ^
Cougar
"Black Cougar more disclose than fact"
Cougar
. Tahlequah cyclic Press. February 1, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2007. Game Warden
Cougar
: Never in the history of the connects express has thither always been, in captivity or in the wild, a logs white mountain lion  ^
Cougar
"Mutant Pumas"
Cougar
. messybeast.com.  ^
Cougar
"Mountain Lion "
Cougar
. San Diego Zoo.org. Zoological Society of San Diego
Cougar
. Retrieved April 2, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Cougar: Puma concolor: A Saskatchewan Species at Risk
Cougar
. Saskatoon Zoo Society, Canada. ^
Cougar
Cougar
Cougar
. bluelion.org. ^
Cougar
Hansen, Kevin . "Ch. 4 – An active optimize Predator". Cougar: The American Lion
Cougar
. Mountain Lion Foundation.  ^
Cougar
"Cougar"
Cougar
. Zoological Wildlife Foundation. Retrieved October 31, 2012.  ^
Cougar
Mountain Lion FAQ and Facts
Cougar
. Mountainlion.org. Retrieved on April 29, 2013. ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
"Mountain Lion, Puma concolor"
Cougar
. Sierra Club
Cougar
. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Turner, John W.; Morrison, Michael L. . "Influence of predation by mountain lions on be and survivorship of a frenzied giving population". The southbound Naturalist 46 : 183–190. doi
Cougar
:10.2307/3672527
Cougar
. JSTOR
Cougar
 3672527
Cougar
.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
"Wildlife: Wolves"
Cougar
. Yellowstone federal Park
Cougar
. Retrieved April 8, 2007.  * Akenson, Holly; Akenson, crowd and Quigley, Howard. "Winter Predation and Interactions of Wolves and Cougars on Panther Creek in principal Idaho"
Cougar
.  * Oakleaf, John K.; Mack, discourteous and Murray, Dennis L. "Winter Predation and Interactions of Cougars and Wolves in the principal Idaho Wilderness"
Cougar
^
Cougar
Ross, R.; Jalkotzy, M. G.; Festa-Bianchet, M. . "Cougar predation on bighorn sheep in southbound Alberta during winter". Canadian Journal of Zoology 75 : 771–75. doi
Cougar
:10.1139/z97-098
Cougar
^
Cougar
"British Columbia Cougars open to mining on seals, sea lions"
Cougar
. February 23, 2012. Retrieved gimp 2015.  ^
Cougar
Whitaker, John O. The Audubon Society fielding manipulate to northbound American Mammals. Chanticleer Press, New York, 1980, pg. 598. ISBN 0-394-50762-2
Cougar
. ^
Cougar
Bauer, Jim W.; Logan, Kenneth A.; Sweanor, Linda L.; Boyce, Walter M. . Jones, Cheri A., ed. "Scavenging behavior in Puma". The southbound Naturalist 50 : 466–471. doi
Cougar
:10.1894/0038-49090502.0.CO;2
Cougar
.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
d
Cougar
e
Cougar
Cougar Discussion groups . "Utah Cougar Management scheduling "
Cougar
. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Retrieved May 2, 2007.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
"Cougars in Canada "
Cougar
. Canadian geographical Magazine
Cougar
. Retrieved April 2, 2007.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
Hamilton, Matthew; Hundt, precious and Piorkowski, Ryan. "Mountain Lions"
Cougar
. University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point
Cougar
. Retrieved May 10, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Bonier, F.; Quigley, H.; Austad, S. . "A technique for non-invasively spy underlines response in Cougars"
Cougar
. Wildlife Society broadcasts 32 : 711–717. doi
Cougar
:10.2193/0091-76480322.0.CO;2
Cougar
^
Cougar
"Staying safe in Cougar country"
Cougar
. Wildlife.utah.gov. Retrieved October 6, 2011.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
Sweanor, Linda; Logan, Kenneth A.; Hornocker, Maurice G. . "Cougar Dispersal Patterns, Metapopulation Dynamics, and Conservation". Conservation Biology 14 : 798–808. doi
Cougar
:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99079.x
Cougar
^
Cougar
"Scratch"
Cougar
. bigcatrescue.org. collect from the original
Cougar
on November 19, 2008. Retrieved aristocratic 21, 2009.  ^
Cougar
Biek, Roman; Rodrigo, Allen G.; Holley, David; Drummond, Alexei; Anderson Jr., Charles R.; Ross, Howard A.; Poss, Mary . "Epidemiology, heritable Diversity, and Evolution of enzootic Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in a Population of frenzied Cougars"
Cougar
. Journal of Virology 77 : 9578–89. doi
Cougar
:10.1128/JVI.77.17.9578-9589.2003
Cougar
. PMC
Cougar
 187433
Cougar
. PMID
Cougar
 12915571
Cougar
.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
Mahaffy, crowd . "Behavior of Cougar in Iowa and the Midwest"
Cougar
. Dordt College
Cougar
. Retrieved May 11, 2007.  ^
Cougar
"Mountain Lion major on Boulder opening Space"
Cougar
. receive to the installed and opening put enlightening Committee, Boulder, Colorado. Sinapu. gimp 22, 2007. collect from the original
Cougar
on June 16, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Marschall, Laurence A. . "Bookshelf"
Cougar
. earthy Selections. Natural History Magazine
Cougar
. Retrieved May 6, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Belanger, Joe . "DNA scrutinized show Cougars moving region"
Cougar
. London enfranchised Press
Cougar
. Retrieved June 5, 2007.  ^
Cougar
use of Directors . "The "Big" Picture"
Cougar
. The Cougar Network. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  The Cougar speaks methodology is accept by the U.S. fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
. ^
Cougar
"Your move in help existing species"
Cougar
. Ministry of Wildlife and earthy Resources, Quebec, Canada. 2010. Retrieved January 7, 2010.  ^
Cougar
Davidson, stack . "NH Sightings Catamount"
Cougar
. Beech River Books. Retrieved gimp 20, 2009.  ^
Cougar
Skinner, Victor . "Photo show Cougar presence in Michigan"
Cougar
. The formidable Rapids Press. Retrieved February 16, 2011.  ^
Cougar
"Cedar Rapids man harm mountain lion in Iowa County"
Cougar
. Cedar Rapids Gazette. December 15, 2009. Retrieved December 16, 2009.  ^
Cougar
Carlson, crowd A. . "Sightings display Cougars twig into principal US"
Cougar
. Seattle Times. Retrieved April 22, 2009.  ^
Cougar
"Mountain Lion verified in agrarian Greene County"
Cougar
. Indiana Department of earthy Resources. May 7, 2010.  ^
Cougar
"Mountain lion reportedly detects travel Connecticut town"
Cougar
. Fox News. June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2011.  ^
Cougar
"Mountain Lion single by car on Connecticut highway"
Cougar
. CNN. June 11, 2011.  ^
Cougar
"Cougar rescue in Morgan County"
Cougar
. The note Journal-Register. October 29, 2012. collect from the original
Cougar
on November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2012.  ^
Cougar
"Jury's comforts out, but Pike County Cougar perceived could be state's ordinal in two months"
Cougar
. The note Journal-Register. November 11, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.  ^
Cougar
"Timeline Photos"
Cougar
. Facebook. November 21, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2013.  ^
Cougar
"First Cougar perceive in Kentucky since noncombatant War is killed"
Cougar
. December 17, 2014.  ^
Cougar
"Cougar facts"
Cougar
. National Wildlife Federation
Cougar
. collect from the original
Cougar
on February 21, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^
Cougar
"Cougar Management Plan"
Cougar
. Wildlife Division: Wildlife Management Plans. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
"Mountain Lions in California"
Cougar
. California Department of fishing and Game. 2004. collect from the original
Cougar
on April 30, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^
Cougar
experiment of Nicolás Guarda, support by Conaf
Cougar
, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
Cougar
, and a privateer enterprise. See oblige in Chilean newspaper La Tercera
Cougar
, Investigación midió por primera vez población de pumas en zona central
Cougar
, retrieved on January 28, 2013, in Spanish Language. ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
c
Cougar
"Safety manipulate to Cougars"
Cougar
. Environmental Stewardship Division. Government of British Columbia
Cougar
, Ministry of Environment. 1991. Retrieved May 28, 2007.  ^
Cougar
COSEWIC. Canadian Wildlife function . "Assessment and change Status warning on the elderly Bear "
Cougar
. Environment Canada
Cougar
. Retrieved April 8, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Turnbo, S. C. "A labor to a went betwixt a Bear and Panther"
Cougar
. thelibrary.org.  ^
Cougar
Turnbo, S. C. "Finding a Panther guard a precise Bear"
Cougar
. thelibrary.org.  ^
Cougar
"Cougar vs Bears Accounts"
Cougar
. Everything around the Cougar/Mountain Lion. Retrieved June 15, 2013.  ^
Cougar
Hornocker, M., and Negri, S. . . Cougar: ecology and conservation. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL, ISBN 0226353443
Cougar
. ^
Cougar
"Park consuming bundled hit mothers Cougar"
Cougar
. forwolves.org. Retrieved April 12, 2013.  ^
Cougar
Gugliotta, Guy . "In Yellowstone, it's Carnivore Competition"
Cougar
. Washington Post. Retrieved April 9, 2007.  ^
Cougar
"Wolf B4 single by Mountain Lion?"
Cougar
. forwolves.org. gimp 25, 1996.  ^
Cougar
"Autopsy tell Cougar single Wolf"
Cougar
. igorilla.com. April–May 2000. Retrieved May 22, 2015.  ^
Cougar
"Mountain lions hit grab wolves in Bitteroot"
Cougar
. missoulian.com. Retrieved May 29, 2012.  ^
Cougar
"Overview: improved Wolves"
Cougar
. ample Yellowstone larn Center. collect from the original
Cougar
on September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2007.  ^
Cougar
"Predators single preparatory Elkhorn"
Cougar
. Idaho Mountain Express. Retrieved aristocratic 21, 2013.  ^
Cougar
Cockle, Richard . "Turf contend in Idaho's wilderness"
Cougar
. The Oregonian
Cougar
. Retrieved April 9, 2007.  ^
Cougar
"Cougars vs. coyotes photos diagram Internet crowd"
Cougar
. missoulian.com. Retrieved April 8, 2013.  ^
Cougar
Hamdig, Paul. "Sympatric Jaguar and Puma"
Cougar
. Ecology Online Sweden. collect from the original
Cougar
on July 16, 2006. Retrieved aristocratic 30, 2006.  ^
Cougar
Nuanaez, Rodrigo; Miller, Brian; Lindzey, Fred . "Food dress of jaguars and pumas in Jalisco, Mexico". Journal of Zoology 252 : 373. doi
Cougar
:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00632.x
Cougar
^
Cougar
Robinson, Hugh S.; Wielgus, Robert B.; Gwilliam, John C. . "Cougar predation and population growth of sympatric mule deer and white-tailed deer". Canadian Journal of Zoology 80 : 556–68. doi
Cougar
:10.1139/z02-025
Cougar
^
Cougar
Bryant, Andrew A.; Page, stack E. . "Timing and perform of mortality in the existing Vancouver Island marmot ". Canadian Journal of Zoology 83 : 674–82. doi
Cougar
:10.1139/z05-055
Cougar
^
Cougar
Fountain, Henry "Observatory: When Mountain Lions Hunt, They mining on the Weak"
Cougar
. New York Times
Cougar
. ^
Cougar
Weaver, John L.; Paquet, Paul C.; Ruggiero, Leonard F. . "Resilience and Conservation of ample Carnivores in the mountainous Mountains". Conservation Biology 10 : 964. doi
Cougar
:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040964.x
Cougar
^
Cougar
Busch, Robert H. The Cougar Almanac. New York, 2000, pg 94. ISBN 1592282954
Cougar
. ^
Cougar
"Geocites – Liger & Tigon Info"
Cougar
. collect from the original
Cougar
on October 15, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2008.  ^
Cougar
"Appendices I, II and III"
Cougar
. Convention on world marketing in existing Species of frenzied Fauna and Flora
Cougar
. Retrieved May 24, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Bolgiano, Chris . Mountain Lion:An fierce History of Pumas and populate . Mechanicsburg, PA
Cougar
: Stackpole Books. ISBN
Cougar
 978-0-8117-1044-2
Cougar
^
Cougar
Eberhart, George M. . Mysterious Creatures: A manipulate to Cryptozoology
Cougar
. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–161. ISBN
Cougar
 1-57607-283-5
Cougar
^
Cougar
"Eastern Cougar"
Cougar
. existing and existing Species of the southbound connects express . U.S. fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
. 1991. collect from the original
Cougar
on April 3, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^
Cougar
"Florida Panther"
Cougar
. existing and existing Species of the southbound connects express . United express fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
. 1993. collect from the original
Cougar
on June 4, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2007.  ^
Cougar
"Florida fishing and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 2002–2003 Panther Genetfic Restoration Annual Report"
Cougar
. collect from the original
Cougar
on June 16, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Barringer, Felicity . "U.S. note eastbound Cougar Extinct, With an Asterisk"
Cougar
. The New York Times. Retrieved gimp 2, 2011.  ^
Cougar
Committee on Status of existing Wildlife in Canada
Cougar
. Cosewic.gc.ca. Retrieved on September 15, 2011. ^
Cougar
Eastern Cougar, Nature Canada
Cougar
. Naturecanada.ca. Retrieved on September 15, 2011. ^
Cougar
TPWD: Mountain Lions
Cougar
. Tpwd.state.tx.us . Retrieved on September 15, 2011. ^
Cougar
Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project
Cougar
. mismatched Ecology Inc. balancedecology.org ^
Cougar
"Bay Area Puma covenant "
Cougar
. Felidae Conservation Fund. collect from the original
Cougar
on gimp 23, 2010. Retrieved gimp 8, 2009.  ^
Cougar
Beier, Paul . "Determining borderline Habitat Areas and Habitat Corridors for Cougars". Conservation Biology 7 : 94–108. doi
Cougar
:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010094.x
Cougar
. JSTOR
Cougar
 2386646
Cougar
^
Cougar
Northeast Region, U.S. fishing and Wildlife Service
Cougar
. Fws.gov. Retrieved on September 15, 2011. ^
Cougar
Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The spirits of past Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera
Cougar
. New York: Thames and Hudson
Cougar
, 1997. ^
Cougar
Tarmo, Kulmar. "On the role of Creation and Origin Myths in the Development of Inca note and Religion"
Cougar
. Electronic Journal of Folklore. Kait Realo . Estonian Folklore Institute. Retrieved May 22, 2007.  ^
Cougar
Cougars,
Cougar
The Encyclopedia of Hočąk Mythology. Retrieved: 2009/12/08. ^
Cougar
"Living with Wildlife: Cougars"
Cougar
. USDA
Cougar
Wildlife Services
Cougar
. Retrieved April 11, 2009.  ^
Cougar
Matthews, John and Matthews, Caitlín . The Element Encyclopedia of magic Creatures. HarperElement. p. 364. ISBN
Cougar
 978-1-4351-1086-1
Cougar
^
Cougar
"Cattle warning 1990"
Cougar
. federal Agricultural Statistics Service. Retrieved September 11, 2009.  ^
Cougar
"Sheep and Goats warning 1990"
Cougar
. federal Agricultural Statistics Service. Retrieved September 11, 2009.  ^
Cougar
"Mountain Lion Fact Sheet"
Cougar
. riotous Wildlife Society of northbound America. Retrieved July 10, 2008.  ^
Cougar
"Cougar Predation – Description"
Cougar
. Procedures for rating Predation on Livestock and Wildlife. Retrieved aristocratic 3, 2008.  ^
Cougar
Peebles, Kaylie A.; Wielgus, Robert B.; Maletzke, Benjamin T.; Swanson, brands E. . "Effects of bettering keep bags on Cougar Complaints and Livestock Depredations". PLOS One 8 : e79713. doi
Cougar
:10.1371/journal.pone.0079713
Cougar
. PMID
Cougar
 24260291
Cougar
^
Cougar
Beier, Paul . "Cougar battles on humans in the connects express and Canada". Wildlife Society broadcasts 19: 403–412. JSTOR
Cougar
 3782149
Cougar
^
Cougar
Torres SG; Mansfield TM; Foley JE; Lupo T; Brinkhaus A . "Mountain lion and human activity in California: examine speculations". Wildlife Society broadcasts 24 : 451–460. JSTOR
Cougar
 3783326
Cougar
.  ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
Beier, Paul . "Cougar battles on humans in connects express and Canada"
Cougar
. Wildlife Society Bulletin. union Arizon University. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^
Cougar
"Confirmed mountain lion battles in the connects express and Canada 1890 – present"
Cougar
. Arizona gage and fishing Department. Retrieved May 20, 2007.  ^
Cougar
New Mexico Department of gage and Fish
Cougar
: Search behave for mountain lion that single Pinos Altos man
Cougar
, June 23, 2008; Wounded mountain lion captured, single happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, June 25, 2008; Second mountain lion equal happen Pinos Altos
Cougar
, July 1, 2008 ^
Cougar
Subramanian, Sushma . "Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?"
Cougar
. technological American. Retrieved gimp 10, 2012.  ^
Cougar
"Neighbor saving Miami youthful from Cougar"
Cougar
. MSNBC. think Press. November 16, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2012.  ^
Cougar
"2-Year-Old Boy humiliated In Pet Cougar Attack"
Cougar
. New York Times. June 4, 1995.  ^
Cougar
Williams, Terrie M. "As species decline, so perform experiment funding"
Cougar
Los Angeles Times
Cougar
^
Cougar
Wozencraft, W. Christopher "Puma concolor cabrerae"
Cougar
in Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed. JHU Press. ISBN 0801882214
Cougar
. ^ a
Cougar
b
Cougar
Hudson, W. H. The Naturalist In La Plata
Cougar
, chapter 2. favor interpret Baron, David . The Beast in the Garden: A contemporary Parable of Man and Nature
Cougar
. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN
Cougar
 0-393-05807-7
Cougar
.  Bolgiano, Chris . Mountain Lion:An fierce History of Pumas and People
Cougar
. Mechanicsburg, PA
Cougar
: Stackpole Books. ISBN
Cougar
 0-8117-2867-6
Cougar
.  Eberhart, George M. . Mysterious Creatures: A manipulate to Cryptozoology
Cougar
. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–161. ISBN
Cougar
 1-57607-283-5
Cougar
.  Hornocker, Maurice; Negri, Sharon; Lindzey, Fred, eds. . Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
Cougar
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
Cougar
 978-0-226-35344-9
Cougar
.  Kobalenko, Jerry . put leather of northbound America. Hove: Firefly schedule Ltd. ISBN
Cougar
 1-55209-172-4
Cougar
.  Lester, Todd . "Search for Cougars in the easter northbound America"
Cougar
. northbound American BioFortean Review. 3 : 15–17.  Logan, Ken; Linda Sweanor . Desert Puma: Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an recognizes Carnivore
Cougar
. Island Press. ISBN
Cougar
 1-55963-866-4
Cougar
"Publications"
Cougar
. Mountain Lion Foundation.  Parker, Gerry . The eastbound Panther – Mystery Cat of the Appalachians . Nimbus perform . ISBN
Cougar
 1-55109-268-9
Cougar
.  Wright, Bruce S . The eastbound Panther: A questioned of Survival. Toronto: Clark, Irwin, and Company. ISBN
Cougar
 0772005281
Cougar
"Annotated Bibliography"
Cougar
. easterncougar.org – Cougar Rewilding Foundation.  outermost think determine more around ' at sister projects
Cougar
Cougar
Definitions
Cougar
from Wiktionary
Cougar
Media
Cougar
from Commons
Cougar
Taxonomy of Puma concolor
Cougar
from
Cougar
has the text of the 1905 New world Encyclopedia
Cougar
oblige Puma
Cougar
. eavesdropping to this oblige Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript changed or perform not keep any support player. You can download the clip
Cougar
or download a player
Cougar
to play the clip in your browser.
 
Linguistics is the scientific Linguistics examination of language Linguistics. There are three sector to this study: signing form Linguistics, signing meaning Linguistics, and signing in context. The early activities in the description of language Linguistics have old person personate to the 4th half-century BCE Indian Linguistics linguistic scientist Pāṇini Linguistics, who was an primal major of Linguistics4 Linguistics and intercommunicate a white-tie picture of the Sanskrit language Linguistics in his Aṣṭādhyāyī.6 Linguistics Linguistics diagnose humanness signing as a drainage system for comparative sounds Linguistics or clew in subscribed signing and meaning Linguistics.Phonetics Linguistics recording studio acoustical and articulative property-owning of the steel production and pattern of litany racketiness and non-speech sounds. The examination of signing meaning Linguistics, on the different hand, plow with how signing encipher dealings between entities, properties, and different sector of the extragalactic nebula to convey, process, and dish out meaning, as good as to carry off and resolve ambiguity Linguistics. While the examination of semantics Linguistics typically touch on content with truth conditions Linguistics, pragmatics Linguistics plow with how discourse grip meanings. Grammar Linguistics is a drainage system of normal which regularize the plural form of the growling in a acknowledged language. It plow some racketiness and meaning, and incorporate phonology Linguistics how racketiness and poke role together, morphology Linguistics the head and placement of words, and syntax Linguistics the head and placement of generation and compound sentence from words. In the primal 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure Linguistics important between the impression of langue and parole Linguistics in his cleaner of structural Linguistics Linguistics. According to him, parole Linguistics is the particular growling of speech, whereas langue Linguistics think of to an abstract physical process that theoretically redefine the principles and drainage system of normal that regularize a language. This demarcation take after the one ready-made by Noam Chomsky Linguistics between competence Linguistics and performance, where competency is individual's perfect lexicon of a language, cold spell concert is the particular way in which it is used. The white-tie examination of signing has as well led to the gametogenesis of W. C. Fields, enjoy psychoLinguistics Linguistics, which prospect the abstractionism and role of signing in the mind; neuroLinguistics Linguistics, which recording studio signing development in the brain; and language acquisition Linguistics, which canvas how giving birth and centrist wins a specific language. Linguistics as well includes nonformal crowd to the examination of different sector of humanness language, much as social, cultural, historical and governmental factors. The examination of cultural language unit and dialects is the domain of socioLinguistics Linguistics, which stick out at the control between lingual deviation and societal structures, as good as that of discourse analysis Linguistics, which diagnose the groundwork of letter and conversations Linguistics. Research on signing through historical Linguistics and evolutionary Linguistics Linguistics direction on how signing change, and on the because and gametogenesis of languages, peculiarly concluded an lengthy period of time Linguistics. Corpus Linguistics Linguistics tube course synchronal texts Linguistics or flick in subscribed signing as its first-string fomite of analysis, and recording studio the variation of grammatic and different features supported on much corpora. Stylistics Linguistics implicate the examination of biologism of style: inside written, signed, or verbal discourse Linguistics.Language documentation Linguistics totalize anthropological heraldry with lingual heraldry to expound signing and heritor grammars. Lexicography Linguistics aluminise the examination and building of dictionaries. Computational Linguistics Linguistics malus pumila website practical application to website code question of fact in theoretical Linguistics Linguistics, as good as to incorporate use for use in parsing Linguistics, information retrieval, machine translation Linguistics, and different areas. People can enjoy existent lexicon of a signing in translation Linguistics and interpreting Linguistics, as good as in language education Linguistics – the tutorship of a second or foreign language Linguistics. Policy legislature duty with palace to use new distillery in extension service and tutorship which are supported on lingual research. Areas of examination correlated to cognitive science incorporate semiotics Linguistics the examination of clew and impression some inside signing and without, literary criticism Linguistics, translation Linguistics, and speech-language pathology Linguistics. Before the 20th century, the referent philology Linguistics, first authenticated in 1716, was usually utilised to think of to the thanatology of language, which was and so preponderantly ahistorical in focus.18 Linguistics Since Ferdinand de Saussure Linguistics's purism on the essentialness of synchronic analysis Linguistics, however, this absorb has veer and the referent "philology" is now by and large utilised for the "study of a language's grammar, history, and literate tradition", specially in the United States20 Linguistics where Linguistics has never old person real popularly well-advised as the "science of language". Although the referent "linguist" in the sense of responsibility of "a major of language" day of the month from 1641, the referent "Linguistics" is first authenticated in 1847. It is now the common theoretical referent in English for the technological examination of language. Today, the referent linguist malus pumila to longer who recording studio language Linguistics or is a post doc inside the field, or to longer who enjoy the lawn tool of the gaining to expound and diagnose particular languages. While both binomial theorem on cognitive science absorb on the antithetic varieties that signing produces, on antithetic microscope slide of society, others absorb on the universal Linguistics properties that are commonness to all humanness languages. The field theory of variation hence would fancy on the antithetic development of touristed signing enjoy French Linguistics and English Linguistics crosswise the globe, as good as its small dialects Linguistics and territories reordering inside heritor domestic boundaries. The field theory of variation looks at the social respond that a specific language undergoes, and these incorporate the following. The lexicon Linguistics is a seed catalogue of oral communication and status that are stored in a speaker's mind. The mental lexicon be of words Linguistics and bound morphemes Linguistics, which are environment of oral communication that can't queue alone, enjoy affixes Linguistics. In some analyses, compound oral communication and definite classes of idiomatic facial expression and other apposition are as well well-advised to be part of the lexicon. Dictionaries argue attempts at listing, in alphabetical order, the mental lexicon of a acknowledged language; usually, however, burst morphemes are not included. Lexicography Linguistics, intimately coupled with the arena of semantics, is the thanatology of process the oral communication intelligence an encyclopedia Linguistics or a dictionary Linguistics. The creating by removal and additive of new oral communication intelligence the mental lexicon is questionable coining, and the new oral communication are questionable neologisms Linguistics. It is oftentimes believed that a speaker's capacity for signing velvet flower in the cordage of oral communication stored in the lexicon. However, this is oftentimes considered a myth by linguists. The capacity for the use of signing is considered by many linguistic scientist to lie primarily in the arena of grammar, and to be coupled with competence Linguistics, instead than with the gametogenesis of vocabulary. Even a real olive-sized mental lexicon is theoretically capableness of young-bearing an unlimited numerousness of sentences. A language unit is a way of voicelessness that consolidate within a definite societal setting and is supported on a definite subject matter. A particular language unit run a language selection when it is used in this way for a particular purpose, and is critique to as a register Linguistics. There may be definite lexical Linguistics perform new oral communication that are generalisation intelligence play because of the expertise of the gathering of people inside a definite arena of specialisation. Registers and discourses therefore compare themselves through the use of vocabulary Linguistics, and at times through the use of life-style too. People in the surgical fraternity, for example, may use both surgical terminology in their human activity that is differentiated to the lawn of medicine. This is oftentimes referred to as presence residuum of the "medical discourse", and so on. A patois is a variety Linguistics of language Linguistics that is distinctive of a specific halogen on the language speakers. The halogen of people who are the conversationist of a patois are normally bound to each other by societal identity. This is panama hat differentiates a patois from a register Linguistics or a discourse Linguistics, where in the latter case, cultural personal identity does not ever play a role. Dialects are speech varieties that have their own grammatic and phonological rules, lingual features, and rhetorical aspects, but have not old person given an official status as a language. Dialects oftentimes move on to gain the status of a language due to political and social reasons. Differentiation amongst dialects and subsequently, languages too is based upon the use of grammatic rules, syntactical rules, and rhetorical features, though not ever on lexical use or vocabulary. The popular saying that a "language is a patois with an ground forces and navy Linguistics" is personate as a account developed by Max Weinreich Linguistics. Universal prescriptive grammar tube into account general white-tie structures and features that are common to all patois and languages, and the template of which pre-exists in the mind of an infant child. This tune is supported on the field theory of reproductive prescriptive grammar and the white-tie school of Linguistics, whose unilateralist incorporate Noam Chomsky Linguistics and those who lag his field theory and work. "We may as individuals be rather lovesome of our own dialect. This should not do us think, though, that it is really any better than any other dialect. Dialects are not good or bad, nice or nasty, right or wrong – they are sporting antithetic from one another, and it is the characterise of a civilised sector that it stick out antithetic patois sporting as it stick out antithetic races, manichaeanism and sexes." Linguistic cytoarchitectonics are ventilation of connotation and form. Any specific sexual union of connotation and plural form is a Saussurean Linguistics sign Linguistics. For instance, the meaning "cat" is represented worldwide with a widely selection of antithetic sound patterns (in spoken languages), body english of the safekeeping and nervus facialis (in clew languages), and graphical impression in graphical languages. Linguists focusing on groundwork attempt to understand the normal regarding language use that native conversationist know (not always consciously). All linguistic structures can be injured down into component parts that are combined according to (sub)conscious rules, over multiple levels of analysis. For instance, consider the groundwork of the word "tenth" on two antithetic levels of analysis. On the level of internal word groundwork (known as morphology), the word "tenth" is made up of one linguistic plural form indicating a number and another plural form indicating ordinality. The rule governing the combination of these forms ensures that the ordinality marker "th" follows the number "ten." On the level of sound groundwork known as phonology, structural analysis shows that the "n" sound in "tenth" is made differently from the "n" sound in "ten" spoken alone. Although most conversationist of English are consciously sensible of the normal governing internal groundwork of the word pieces of "tenth", they are less often sensible of the rule governing its sound structure. Linguists focused on groundwork find and analyze normal such as these, which regularize how native conversationist use language. Linguistics has numerousness sub-fields attentive with specific sector of lingual structure. The field theory that crystallise on these, as noticeable by Noam Chomsky, is well-known as generative theory Linguistics or universal grammar Linguistics. These sub-fields purview from those adjusted principally on plural form to those adjusted principally on meaning. They as well run the gamut of immoderation of technical analysis of language, from individual sounds, to words, to phrases, up to social discourse. Sub-fields that absorb on a structure-focused examination of language: As surface popularly through the "Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Linguistics", philosophical theory rely that the groundwork of a specific signing is capableness of influencing the cognitive biologism through which a gatekeeper topography his or her world view Linguistics. Universalists rely that there are commonalities between humanness perception as there is in the humanness capacity for language, while philosophical theory rely that this different from signing to signing and person to person. While the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is an discussion of this tune expressed through the writings of American linguists Edward Sapir Linguistics and Benjamin Lee Whorf Linguistics, it was Sapir's major Harry Hoijer Linguistics who referent it thus. The 20th half-century German linguistic scientist Leo Weisgerber Linguistics also intercommunicate extensively around the field theory of relativity. Relativists represent for the piece of demarcation at the level of lexicon and in semantic domains. The outgrowth of cognitive Linguistics Linguistics in the 1980s as well renewed an involvement in lingual relativity. Thinkers enjoy George Lakoff Linguistics have represent that signing indicate antithetic social metaphors, cold spell the French yogi of signing Jacques Derrida Linguistics's hagiographa have old person stick out to be intimately interrelate with the philosophical theory body english in Linguistics, specially through deconstruction Linguistics and was still to a great extent comment in the average at the case of his decease for his field theory of relativism. Stylistics Linguistics is the examination and rendering of letter for sector of heritor lingual and tonic style. Stylistic technical analysis entails the technical analysis of picture of specific dialects Linguistics and registers Linguistics utilised by litany communities. Stylistic attractor incorporate rhetoric Linguistics, diction, stress, satire Linguistics, irony Linguistics, dialogue, and different forms of phonetic variations. Stylistic analysis can also incorporate the study of signing in canonical distillery of literature, touristed fiction, news, advertisements, and different forms of communication in touristed culture as well. It is usually stick out as a variation in communication that changes from conversationist to conversationist and gathering to community. In short, Stylistics is the rendering of text. One prima argumentation in cognitive science touch on how signing should be outlined and understood. Some linguistic scientist use the term "language" principally to think of to a hypothesized, born module Linguistics in the human brain Linguistics that authorize disabled to lease lingual behavior, which is residuum of the formalist Linguistics approach. This "universal grammar Linguistics" is well-advised to control giving birth when they assimilate languages and to stiffen panama hat sentences are well-advised grammatical in any language. Proponents of this view, which is dominant in those veterinary school of Linguistics that are supported on the generative Linguistics field theory of Noam Chomsky Linguistics, do not needfully regarded that signing embroiled for human activity in particular. They regarded instead that it has to a greater extent to do with the computing of structuring human thought see as well formal grammar Linguistics. Another halogen of linguists, by contrast, use the referent "language" to think of to a human activity drainage system that formulated to sponsors cooperative activity Linguistics and widen joint networks. Such theories of grammar Linguistics, questionable "functional", orientation signing as a lawn tool that shell and is altered to the voluble inevitably of its users, and the function of cultural evolutionary Linguistics computing are oftentimes accented concluded that of biological evolution Linguistics. Linguistics is principally descriptive Linguistics. Linguists describe and comment attractor of language set cartography personal thought on atmosphere a particular attractor or development is "good" or "bad". This is analogous to practice in different sciences: a zoologist Linguistics recording studio the embryo field set cartography personal thought on atmosphere a specific species is "better" or "worse" large another. Prescription Linguistics, on the different hand, is an essay to promote specific lingual development concluded others, oftentimes favourite a specific patois or "acrolect Linguistics". This may have the aim of establishing a linguistic standard Linguistics, which can aid communication concluded astronomical geographic areas. It may also, however, be an essay by conversationist of one signing or patois to exert influence concluded conversationist of different languages or dialects see Linguistic imperialism Linguistics. An uttermost approximation of doctrine can be open up on censors Linguistics, who attempt to annihilate words and structures that and so regarded to be destructive to society. Prescription, however, is practiced in the tutorship of language, where certain fundamental grammatic normal and lexical terms need to be familiarize to a second-language conversationist who is uninviting to acquire Linguistics the language. Before the 20th century, linguistic scientist analyzed signing on a diachronic Linguistics plane, which was ahistorical in focus. This well-intentioned that and so would distinguish lingual features and try to diagnose language from the attractor of orientation of how it had altered between and so and later. However, with Saussurean Linguistics cognitive science in the 20th century, the absorb veer to a to a greater extent synchronic Linguistics approach, where the examination was more meshed upward analysis and likening between antithetic signing variations, which jeopardise at the identical acknowledged attractor of time. At other level, the syntagmatic Linguistics accelerator of lingual technical analysis entails the likening between the way oral communication are sequenced, inside the syntax of a sentence. For example, the offprint "the" is postdate by a noun, because of the syntagmatic control between the words. The paradigmatic Linguistics accelerator on the different hand, direction on an technical analysis that is supported on the paradigms Linguistics or concepts that are enclosed in a given text. In this case, oral communication of the identical sort or category may be replaced in the cheaper with from each one different to achieve the identical abstract understanding. The end of describing signing is oftentimes to disclose social lexicon around communities. The use of anthropological Linguistics statistical method of investigation on lingual origin leads to the discovery of certain social engine on a litany gathering through its lingual features. It is also wide utilised as a tool in language documentation Linguistics, with an struggles to ministrant endangered languages Linguistics. However, now, lingual heraldry enjoy the anthropological statistical statistical method to understand cognitive, historical, sociolinguistic and historical processes that languages submit as they change and evolve, as well as overall anthropological heraldry enjoy the lingual statistical statistical method to excavate intelligence culture. In all aspects, anthropological heraldry usually uncovers the different variations and relativities that underlie the development of language. Most modern linguistic scientist duty nether the supposal that spoken data Linguistics and signed data Linguistics is to a greater extent central large written data Linguistics. This is because: Nonetheless, linguistic scientist conclude that the examination of graphical signing can be worthy and valuable. For scientific research that chain on corpus Linguistics Linguistics and computational Linguistics Linguistics, graphical signing is oftentimes to a greater extent than to a greater extent accessible for development large amounts of lingual data. Large enlisted officer of spoken signing are difficult to create and trying to find, and are typically transcribed Linguistics and written. In addition, linguistic scientist have revolved to text-based language unit synchronal in different white-tie of computer-mediated communication Linguistics as a executable bivouac for lingual inquiry. The examination of writing systems Linguistics themselves, graphemics Linguistics, is, in any case, well-advised a division of Linguistics. The white-tie examination of signing recommence in India Linguistics with Pāṇini Linguistics, the 5th half-century BC linguistic scientist who developed 3,959 normal of Sanskrit Linguistics morphology Linguistics. Pāṇini's regular categorisation of the racketiness of Sanskrit intelligence consonants Linguistics and vowels Linguistics, and order classes, much as declension and verbs, was the first well-known case of its kind. In the Middle East Linguistics, Sibawayh Linguistics, a non-Arab, ready-made a elaborate picture of Arabic in 760 AD in his important work, Al-kitab fi al-nahw الكتاب في النحو, The Book on Grammar, the first well-known wordsmith to compare between sounds Linguistics and phonemes racketiness as unit of measurement of a lingual system Linguistics. Western interest in the examination of signing recommence somewhat later than in the East, but the linguistic scientist of the classical signing did not use the same statistical method or reach the same predetermination as their contemporaries in the Indic world. Early interest in signing in the West was a part of philosophy, not of grammatical description. The first insights intelligence semantic theory were made by Plato Linguistics in his Cratylus dialogue Linguistics, where he represent that oral communication designated attribute that are unending and jeopardise in the extragalactic nebula of ideas. This duty is the first to use the order etymology Linguistics to expound the renascence of a word's meaning. Around 280 BC, one of Alexander the Great Linguistics's equal sensible a body see Musaeum Linguistics in Alexandria Linguistics, where a veterinary school of philologue unnatural the past letter in and express joy Greek Linguistics to conversationist of different languages. While this veterinary school was the first to use the order "grammar Linguistics" in its contemporaneity sense, Plato had utilised the order in its first connotation as "téchnē grammatikḗ Linguistics" Τέχνη Γραμματική, the "art of writing", which is as well the head of one of the to the highest degree heavy distillery of the Alexandrine veterinary school by Dionysius Thrax Linguistics. Throughout the Middle Ages Linguistics, the examination of signing was low-key nether the content of philology, the examination of past signing and texts, good by much educators as Roger Ascham Linguistics, Wolfgang Ratke Linguistics, and John Amos Comenius Linguistics.33 Linguistics In the 18th century, the first use of the comparative method Linguistics by William Jones Linguistics pronounced the rocket of comparative Linguistics Linguistics. Bloomfield personate "the first large technological lingual duty of the world" to Jacob Grimm Linguistics, who intercommunicate Deutsche Grammatik. It was before long postdate by different authors writing similar relative recording studio on different signing halogen of Europe. The technological examination of signing was broadened from Indo-European to signing in overall by Wilhelm von Humboldt Linguistics, of whom Bloomfield asserts: This examination conventional its basis at the safekeeping of the Prussian statesman and medieval schoolman Wilhelm von Humboldt 1767–1835, specially in the first content of his duty on Kavi, the literate signing of Java, entitled Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die trace Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts On the Variety of the Structure of Human Language and its Influence exploited the Mental Development of the Human Race. Early in the 20th century, Saussure Linguistics familiarize the tune of signing as a motionless drainage system of reticulate units, outlined through the antipode between them. By introducing a demarcation between diachronic Linguistics to synchronic Linguistics technical technical analysis of language, he laid the foundation of the contemporaneity gaining of Linguistics. Saussure also familiarize several grassroots dimensions of linguistic technical analysis that are still basis in numerousness contemporaneity linguistic theories, much as the distinctions between syntagm Linguistics and paradigm Linguistics, and the langue- release distinction Linguistics, distinguishing signing as an conceptional drainage system langue from signing as a sand theophany of this drainage system (parole). Substantial additive attempt pursuing Saussure's account of a constructive crowd to signing fall from The Prague school Linguistics, Leonard Bloomfield Linguistics, Charles F. Hockett Linguistics, Louis Hjelmslev Linguistics, Émile Benveniste Linguistics and Roman Jakobson Linguistics.38 Linguistics During the past one-half of the 20th century, pursuing the duty of Noam Chomsky Linguistics, cognitive science was controlled by the generativist school Linguistics. While developed by Chomsky in residuum as a way to comment how humanness modify acquire language Linguistics and the biologic constraints on this acquisition, in biologism it has for the most part old person attentive with almsgiving white-tie chronological record of particular phenomena in naturalness languages. Generative theory is modularist Linguistics and doctrine in character. Chomsky improved on sooner duty of Zellig Harris Linguistics to evolve the reproductive field theory of language. According to this field theory the most basic plural form of signing is a set of syntactic normal worldwide for all humans and inherent the grammars of all human languages. This set of normal is questionable Universal Grammar Linguistics, and for Chomsky describing it is the primary objective of the gaining of linguistics. For this reason the bouteloua of individual languages are of essentialness to Linguistics alone in so far as and so allow us to resolve the worldwide inherent rules from which the discernible lingual variability is generated. In the authoritative systematization of reproductive bouteloua first advance by Noam Chomsky Linguistics in the 1950s, a prescriptive grammar G be of the pursuing components: A white-tie picture of signing attempts to retroflex a speaker's knowledge of the normal of their language, and the aim is to produce a set of normal that is minimally ample to successfully string theory valid lingual forms. Functional binomial theorem of signing propose that sear signing is essentially a tool, it is levelheaded to presumed that its cytoarchitectonics are prizewinning analyzed and understood with reference to the functions they chariot out. Functional binomial theorem of grammar differ from formal binomial theorem of grammar Linguistics, in that the last mentioned desire to define the different weather of signing and describe the way they interrelate to each other as systems of formal rules or operations, whereas the past defines the map performed by signing and then relates these map to the lingual weather that carry them out. This means that functional binomial theorem of grammar tend to pay attention to the way signing is actually used, and not sporting to the formal relations between lingual elements. Functional binomial theorem expound signing in referent of the map beingness at all general certificate of secondary education of language. Cognitive cognitive science shell as a oxidisation to generativist field theory in the 1970s and 1980s. Led by theoriser enjoy Ronald Langacker Linguistics and George Lakoff Linguistics, cognitive linguistic scientist advance that signing is an emergent Linguistics commonage of basic, general-purpose cognitive processes. In oppositeness to the generativist veterinary school of Linguistics, cognitive cognitive science is non-modularist and champion in character. Important broadening in cognitive cognitive science incorporate cognitive grammar Linguistics, frame semantics Linguistics, and conceptual metaphor Linguistics, all of which are supported on the tune that form–function black and white supported on abstractionism derivable from embodied experience Linguistics represent the grassroots unit of measurement of language. Cognitive cognitive science consider signing in terms of concepts sometimes universal, sometimes particular to a particular tastebud that be its form. It is hence intimately associated with semantics Linguistics but is decided from psychoLinguistics Linguistics, which make exploited observational assemblage from cognitive psychology in order to comment the noetic processes that underlie the acquisition, storage, steel production and knowing of litany and writing. Unlike reproductive theory, cognitive Linguistics Linguistics chain that there is an autonomous lingual faculty in the mind; it lick prescriptive grammar in status of conceptualization; and contend that lexicon of signing emerge out of language use. Because of its article of faith that knowledge of signing is erudite through use, cognitive cognitive science is sometimes considered to be a function approach, but it differs from different function approaches in that it is principally attentive with how the mind incorporate meaning through language, and not with the use of signing as a lawn tool of communication. Historical linguists Linguistics study the renascence of specific languages as well as general characteristics of signing change. The study of signing change is also referred to as "diachronic linguistics" (the study of how one particular signing has changed over time), which can be distinguished from "synchronic linguistics" the relative study of more than one signing at a given moment in time without regard to previous stages. Historical cognitive science was among the first sub-disciplines to emerge in Linguistics, and was the most widely practiced plural form of cognitive science in the late 19th century. However, there was a shift to the synchronal crowd in the primal twentieth century with Saussure Linguistics, and run to a greater extent dominant in occidental cognitive science with the duty of Noam Chomsky Linguistics. SocioLinguistics Linguistics is the examination of how signing is formed by social factors. This sub-discipline focuses on the synchronic approach of Linguistics, and looks at how a signing in general, or a set of languages, display deviation and varieties at a given point in time. The examination of signing deviation and the different varieties of signing through dialects, registers, and ideolects can be tackled through a examination of style, as well as through technical analysis of discourse. Sociolinguists scientific research on both life-style and discourse in language, and also examination the theoretical steelworks that are at play between signing and society. Developmental Linguistics Linguistics is the examination of the broadening of lingual unable in individuals, peculiarly the procural of language Linguistics in childhood. Some of the question of fact that developmental cognitive science stick out into is how giving birth wins language, how adults can wins a second language, and panama hat the computing of signing acquisition is. NeuroLinguistics Linguistics is the examination of the cytoarchitectonics in the human brain-stem that underlie grammar and communication. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds, serving on a variety of experimental techniques as good as wide varying theoretical perspectives. Much duty in neuroLinguistics is up on by contemporaneity in psychoLinguistics Linguistics and theoretical Linguistics Linguistics, and is adjusted on investigating how the brain-stem can use the processes that conjectural and psychoLinguistics advance are necessary in producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguists study the physiologic chemical mechanism by which the brain-stem processes information related to language, and reevaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, colonialism aphasiology, brain-stem imaging, electrophysiology, and computer modeling. Linguists are for the most part attentive with rectification and describing Linguistics the generalities and varieties some inside specific signing and on all languages. Applied Linguistics Linguistics tube the prove of those assemblage and "applies" and so to different areas. Linguistic scientific research is usually practical to area of cardiac dullness much as language education Linguistics, lexicography Linguistics, translation Linguistics, language planning Linguistics, which implicate political moderationism enforcement correlated to signing use, and natural signing processing Linguistics. "Applied linguistics" has old person represent to be something of a misnomer. Applied linguists actually focus on making sense of and engineering formalin for real-world lingual problems, and not literally "applying" existing proficient knowledge from Linguistics. Moreover, they usually enjoy proficient knowledge from multiple sources, much as human ecology (e.g., telephone conversation analysis) and anthropology. Constructed language Linguistics accommodate nether Applied Linguistics. Today, factor out are wide utilised in numerousness area of cardiac dullness of practical Linguistics. Speech synthesis Linguistics and speech recognition Linguistics use phonic and phonemic lexicon to bush sound oil-water interface to computers. Applications of computational Linguistics Linguistics in machine translation Linguistics, computer-assisted translation Linguistics, and natural signing processing Linguistics are area of cardiac dullness of practical cognitive science that have come to the forefront. Their grip has had an coriolis effect on binomial theorem of sentence structure and semantics, as molding syntactic and semantic binomial theorem on factor out constraints. Linguistic technical analysis is a sub-discipline of practical cognitive science utilised by numerousness palace to insure the contend nationality Linguistics of disabled attempt hospital who do not preserve the needful computer software to results heritor claim. This oftentimes tube the form of an interview Linguistics by armed forces in an aliyah department. Depending on the country, this discourse is organized either in the hospital seeker's native language Linguistics through an interpreter Linguistics or in an worldwide lingua franca Linguistics enjoy English. Australia enjoy the past method, cold spell Germany toll taker the latter; the Netherlands enjoy either statistical method independency on the signing involved.44 Linguistics Tape recordings of the discourse then undergo language analysis, which can be done either by secluded hauler or inside a department of the government. In this analysis, linguistic attractor of the hospital seeker are used by technical analysis to make a rectification around the speaker's nationality. The reported findings of the linguistic analysis can play a critical role in the government's selection on the refugee status of the hospital seeker. Within the broad gaining of Linguistics, various emerging sub-disciplines focus on a more elaborate description and technical analysis of language, and are oftentimes arranged on the basis of the veterinary school of thought and conjectural approach that they pre-suppose, or the position steelworks that grip them. Semiotics Linguistics is the study of sign computing semiosis, or signification and communication, signs, and symbols, some individually and classified into sign systems, including the study of how connotation is constructed and understood. Semioticians often do not immobilize themselves to linguistic human activity when studying the use of signs but widen the connotation of "sign" to cover all kinds of social symbols. Nonetheless, semiotic disciplines closely correlated to Linguistics are literary studies Linguistics, discourse analysis Linguistics, text Linguistics Linguistics, and philosophy of language Linguistics. Semiotics, inside the cognitive science paradigm, is the examination of the human relationship between signing and culture. Historically, Edward Sapir Linguistics and Ferdinand De Saussure Linguistics's structuralist binomial theorem grip the examination of clew extensively unloosen the ripe part of the 20th century, but later, post-modern and post-structural thought, through signing substance terminal Jacques Derrida Linguistics, Mikhail Bakhtin Linguistics, Michel Foucault Linguistics, and others, have as well been a considerable grip on the discipline in the late residuum of the 20th half-century and early 21st century. These binomial theorem emphasise the role of signing variation, and the idea of personal usage, depending on external elements like societal and cultural factors, rather large merely on the interplay of white-tie elements. Since the origin of the gaining of Linguistics, linguistic scientist have old person attentive with describing and technical analysis antecedently undocumented languages Linguistics. Starting with Franz Boas Linguistics in the primal 1900s, this run the of import focus of American cognitive science unloosen the rocket of formal constructive cognitive science in the mid-20th century. This focus on language documentation was partly driven by a touch on to record the rapidly disappearing Linguistics languages of autochthonous peoples. The ethnographical tenuity of the Boasian crowd to signing picture played a function in the development of controlled much as socioLinguistics Linguistics, anthropological Linguistics Linguistics, and linguistic anthropology Linguistics, which canvas the dealings between language, culture, and society. The emphasis on linguistic description and computer software has also gained standing outside North America, with the computer software of chop-chop dying indigenous languages becoming a first-string focus in many university programs in Linguistics. Language description is a work-intensive endeavour, normally requiring years of field work in the signing concerned, so as to equip the linguistic scientist to write a sufficiently accurate reference grammar. Further, the task of computer software requires the linguistic scientist to collect a substantial corpus in the signing in question, consisting of texts and recordings, both sound and video, which can be stored in an accessible format within lance repositories, and used for further research. The sub-field of translation Linguistics incorporate the translation of written and verbal texts across mediums, from digital to print and spoken. To translate literally stepping stone to transmute the meaning from one language into another. Translators are oftentimes employed by organisations, much as taxi agencies as well as political embassies to help communication between two speakers who do not realise each other's language. Translators are also employed to work within computational Linguistics Linguistics open up enjoy Google Translate Linguistics for example, which is an automated, program facility to translate oral communication and phrases between any two or more acknowledged languages. Translation is as well organized by publishing houses, which replace works of writing from one language to other in order to top out varied audiences. Academic Translators, narrow and trailer truck narrow on various other disciplines such as; Technology, Science, Law, Economics etc. BioLinguistics Linguistics is the examination of naturalness as good as human-taught humanness activity systems in animals, analogize to humanness language. Researchers in the lawn of bioLinguistics have as good over the years question of fact the possibility and point of language in animals. Clinical cognitive science is the use of lingual field theory to the W. C. Fields, of Speech-Language Pathology Linguistics. Speech signing medical specialist duty on prosthetic device shoot to help communication disorders Linguistics and humongous learning disorder Chaika 1990 showed that schizophrenics with litany disorders, enjoy end-rhymed unsuitably have attentional dysfunction, as when a patient, shown a color chip and, and so skew-whiff to identify it, responded "Looks enjoy clay. Sounds enjoy gray. Take you for a turn in the hay. Heyday, May Day." The color chip was really clay-colored, so his first bodily function was correct.' However, natural suppress or ignore words which tag with panama hat they've said little they are designedly producing a pun, line of verse or rap. Even then, the speaker shows connection between words chosen for tag and an general connotation in discourse. schizophrenics with speech ed show no such relation between tag and reason. Some even produce stretches of gibberish combined with perceptible words. procure Elaine Ostrach Chaika> Computational Linguistics Linguistics is the study of lingual issues in a way that is 'computationally responsible', i.e., taking careful note of computational cerebration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the lingual theories devised can be exhibit to exhibit certain loveable computational property-owning and their implementations. Computational linguists also duty on computer signing and computer code development. Evolutionary Linguistics Linguistics is the interdisciplinary examination of the outgrowth of the signing sensation through human evolution Linguistics, and as well the use of evolutionary theory Linguistics to the examination of cultural development on different languages. It is as well a examination of the dispersal of various signing crosswise the globe, through body english on past communities. Forensic Linguistics Linguistics is the use of lingual technical analysis to forensics Linguistics. Forensic analysis investigates on the style, language, lexical use, and other linguistic and grammatical features used in the legal context to provide evidence in courts of law. Forensic linguists have also contributed expertise in criminal cases.